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Consciousness

The state of being aware of oneself and one's surroundings, without hindrance from sleep, illness, drugs, or hypnotism. This awareness is not purely of external events or phenomena, but also of one's own feelings, beliefs, and mental events.

Such introspective self-awareness, as opposed to merely responding to external stimuli, is generally taken to be a prerequisite for consciousness. This sidesteps the question of animal consciousness, which is largely believed to be very different or even nonexistent.

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REFERENCES

  • Baars, Bernard, A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  • Block, Ned; Owen Flanagan; Güven Güzeldere (editors), The Nature of Consciousness, Cambridge, Massaschusetts: MIT Press, 1997.
  • Chalmers, David, The Conscious Mind, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Ciba Foundation Symposium 174, Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Consciousness, Chichester and New York: Wiley, 1993.
  • Cohen, Jonathan D.; Jonathan W. Schooler (editors), Scientific Approaches to Consciousness, Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum, 1997.
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From Credo

  • Dennett, Daniel, Consciousness Explained, London: Allen Lane, and Boston: Little Brown, 1991.
  • Farthing, G. William, The Psychology of Consciousness, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1992.
  • Guttenplan, Samuel (editor), A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Oxford and Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 1994.
  • Hameroff, Stuart R.; Alfred W. Kaszniak; Alwyn C. Scott (editors), Toward a Science of Consciousness 2: The Second Tucson Discussions and Debates, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1998.
  • James, William, The Principles of Psychology, 2 vols, New York: Holt, and London: Macmillan, 1890; reprinted New York: Dover, 1950.
  • Metzinger, Thomas (editor), Conscious Experience, Exeter: Shöningh/Imprint Academic, 1995.
  • Searle, John R., The Rediscovery of the Mind, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1992.
  • Velmans, Max (editor), The Science of Consciousness: Psychological, Neuropsychological, and Clinical Reviews, London and New York. Routledge, 1996.
  • Velmans, Max, Understanding Consciousness, London and New York: Routledge, 2000a.
  • Velmans, Max (editor), Investigating Phenomenal Consciousness: New Methodologies and Maps, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2000b.